jellyfin/Jellyfin.Networking/Manager/NetworkManager.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.NetworkInformation;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Jellyfin.Networking.Configuration;
using MediaBrowser.Common.Configuration;
using MediaBrowser.Common.Net;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.HttpOverrides;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace Jellyfin.Networking.Manager
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Class to take care of network interface management.
    /// </summary>
    public class NetworkManager : INetworkManager, IDisposable
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Threading lock for network properties.
        /// </summary>
        private readonly object _initLock;

        /// <summary>
        /// Dictionary containing interface addresses and their subnets.
        /// </summary>
        private readonly List<IPData> _interfaces;

        /// <summary>
        /// List of all interface MAC addresses.
        /// </summary>
        private readonly List<PhysicalAddress> _macAddresses;

        private readonly ILogger<NetworkManager> _logger;

        private readonly IConfigurationManager _configurationManager;

        private readonly object _eventFireLock;

        /// <summary>
        /// Holds the published server URLs and the IPs to use them on.
        /// </summary>
        private readonly Dictionary<IPData, string> _publishedServerUrls;

        private Collection<IPNetwork> _remoteAddressFilter;

        /// <summary>
        /// Used to stop "event-racing conditions".
        /// </summary>
        private bool _eventfire;

        /// <summary>
        /// Unfiltered user defined LAN subnets (<see cref="NetworkConfiguration.LocalNetworkSubnets"/>)
        /// or internal interface network subnets if undefined by user.
        /// </summary>
        private Collection<IPNetwork> _lanSubnets;

        /// <summary>
        /// User defined list of subnets to excluded from the LAN.
        /// </summary>
        private Collection<IPNetwork> _excludedSubnets;

        /// <summary>
        /// List of interfaces to bind to.
        /// </summary>
        private List<IPAddress> _bindAddresses;

        /// <summary>
        /// List of interface addresses to exclude from bind.
        /// </summary>
        private List<IPAddress> _bindExclusions;

        /// <summary>
        /// True if this object is disposed.
        /// </summary>
        private bool _disposed;

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="NetworkManager"/> class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="configurationManager">IServerConfigurationManager instance.</param>
        /// <param name="logger">Logger to use for messages.</param>
#pragma warning disable CS8618 // Non-nullable field is uninitialized. : Values are set in UpdateSettings function. Compiler doesn't yet recognise this.
        public NetworkManager(IConfigurationManager configurationManager, ILogger<NetworkManager> logger)
        {
            _logger = logger ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(logger));
            _configurationManager = configurationManager ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(configurationManager));
            _initLock = new();
            _interfaces = new List<IPData>();
            _macAddresses = new List<PhysicalAddress>();
            _publishedServerUrls = new Dictionary<IPData, string>();
            _eventFireLock = new object();
            _remoteAddressFilter = new Collection<IPNetwork>();

            UpdateSettings(_configurationManager.GetNetworkConfiguration());

            NetworkChange.NetworkAddressChanged += OnNetworkAddressChanged;
            NetworkChange.NetworkAvailabilityChanged += OnNetworkAvailabilityChanged;

            _configurationManager.NamedConfigurationUpdated += ConfigurationUpdated;
        }
#pragma warning restore CS8618 // Non-nullable field is uninitialized.

        /// <summary>
        /// Event triggered on network changes.
        /// </summary>
        public event EventHandler? NetworkChanged;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether testing is taking place.
        /// </summary>
        public static string MockNetworkSettings { get; set; } = string.Empty;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a value indicating whether IP4 is enabled.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsIpv4Enabled => _configurationManager.GetNetworkConfiguration().EnableIPV4;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a value indicating whether IP6 is enabled.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsIpv6Enabled => _configurationManager.GetNetworkConfiguration().EnableIPV6;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a value indicating whether is all IPv6 interfaces are trusted as internal.
        /// </summary>
        public bool TrustAllIpv6Interfaces { get; private set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the Published server override list.
        /// </summary>
        public Dictionary<IPData, string> PublishedServerUrls => _publishedServerUrls;

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public void Dispose()
        {
            Dispose(true);
            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Handler for network change events.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="sender">Sender.</param>
        /// <param name="e">A <see cref="NetworkAvailabilityEventArgs"/> containing network availability information.</param>
        private void OnNetworkAvailabilityChanged(object? sender, NetworkAvailabilityEventArgs e)
        {
            _logger.LogDebug("Network availability changed.");
            OnNetworkChanged();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Handler for network change events.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="sender">Sender.</param>
        /// <param name="e">An <see cref="EventArgs"/>.</param>
        private void OnNetworkAddressChanged(object? sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            _logger.LogDebug("Network address change detected.");
            OnNetworkChanged();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Triggers our event, and re-loads interface information.
        /// </summary>
        private void OnNetworkChanged()
        {
            lock (_eventFireLock)
            {
                if (!_eventfire)
                {
                    _logger.LogDebug("Network Address Change Event.");
                    // As network events tend to fire one after the other only fire once every second.
                    _eventfire = true;
                    OnNetworkChangeAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Async task that waits for 2 seconds before re-initialising the settings, as typically these events fire multiple times in succession.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="Task"/> representing the asynchronous operation.</returns>
        private async Task OnNetworkChangeAsync()
        {
            try
            {
                await Task.Delay(2000).ConfigureAwait(false);
                InitialiseInterfaces();
                // Recalculate LAN caches.
                InitialiseLan(_configurationManager.GetNetworkConfiguration());

                NetworkChanged?.Invoke(this, EventArgs.Empty);
            }
            finally
            {
                _eventfire = false;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Generate a list of all the interface ip addresses and submasks where that are in the active/unknown state.
        /// Generate a list of all active mac addresses that aren't loopback addresses.
        /// </summary>
        private void InitialiseInterfaces()
        {
            lock (_initLock)
            {
                _logger.LogDebug("Refreshing interfaces.");

                _interfaces.Clear();
                _macAddresses.Clear();

                try
                {
                    IEnumerable<NetworkInterface> nics = NetworkInterface.GetAllNetworkInterfaces()
                        .Where(i => i.SupportsMulticast && i.OperationalStatus == OperationalStatus.Up);

                    foreach (NetworkInterface adapter in nics)
                    {
                        try
                        {
                            IPInterfaceProperties ipProperties = adapter.GetIPProperties();
                            PhysicalAddress mac = adapter.GetPhysicalAddress();

                            // Populate MAC list
                            if (adapter.NetworkInterfaceType != NetworkInterfaceType.Loopback && PhysicalAddress.None.Equals(mac))
                            {
                                _macAddresses.Add(mac);
                            }

                            // Populate interface list
                            foreach (UnicastIPAddressInformation info in ipProperties.UnicastAddresses)
                            {
                                if (IsIpv4Enabled && info.Address.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
                                {
                                    var interfaceObject = new IPData(info.Address, new IPNetwork(info.Address, info.PrefixLength), adapter.Name);
                                    interfaceObject.Index = ipProperties.GetIPv4Properties().Index;
                                    interfaceObject.Name = adapter.Name.ToLowerInvariant();

                                    _interfaces.Add(interfaceObject);
                                }
                                else if (IsIpv6Enabled && info.Address.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6)
                                {
                                    var interfaceObject = new IPData(info.Address, new IPNetwork(info.Address, info.PrefixLength), adapter.Name);
                                    interfaceObject.Index = ipProperties.GetIPv6Properties().Index;
                                    interfaceObject.Name = adapter.Name.ToLowerInvariant();

                                    _interfaces.Add(interfaceObject);
                                }
                            }
                        }
#pragma warning disable CA1031 // Do not catch general exception types
                        catch (Exception ex)
#pragma warning restore CA1031 // Do not catch general exception types
                        {
                            // Ignore error, and attempt to continue.
                            _logger.LogError(ex, "Error encountered parsing interfaces.");
                        }
                    }
                }
#pragma warning disable CA1031 // Do not catch general exception types
                catch (Exception ex)
#pragma warning restore CA1031 // Do not catch general exception types
                {
                    _logger.LogError(ex, "Error obtaining interfaces.");
                }

                // If for some reason we don't have an interface info, resolve the DNS name.
                if (_interfaces.Count == 0)
                {
                    _logger.LogError("No interfaces information available. Resolving DNS name.");
                    var hostName = Dns.GetHostName();
                    if (Uri.CheckHostName(hostName).Equals(UriHostNameType.Dns))
                    {
                        try
                        {
                            IPHostEntry hip = Dns.GetHostEntry(hostName);
                            foreach (var address in hip.AddressList)
                            {
                                _interfaces.Add(new IPData(address, null));
                            }
                        }
                        catch (SocketException ex)
                        {
                            // Log and then ignore socket errors, as the result value will just be an empty array.
                            _logger.LogWarning("GetHostEntryAsync failed with {Message}.", ex.Message);
                        }
                    }

                    if (_interfaces.Count == 0)
                    {
                        _logger.LogWarning("No interfaces information available. Using loopback.");
                    }
                }

                if (IsIpv4Enabled && !IsIpv6Enabled)
                {
                    _interfaces.Add(new IPData(IPAddress.Loopback, new IPNetwork(IPAddress.Loopback, 8), "lo"));
                }

                if (!IsIpv4Enabled && IsIpv6Enabled)
                {
                    _interfaces.Add(new IPData(IPAddress.IPv6Loopback, new IPNetwork(IPAddress.IPv6Loopback, 128), "lo"));
                }

                _logger.LogDebug("Discovered {0} interfaces.", _interfaces.Count);
                _logger.LogDebug("Interfaces addresses : {0}", _interfaces.Select(s => s.Address).ToString());
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initialises internal LAN cache.
        /// </summary>
        private void InitialiseLan(NetworkConfiguration config)
        {
            lock (_initLock)
            {
                _logger.LogDebug("Refreshing LAN information.");

                // Get configuration options
                string[] subnets = config.LocalNetworkSubnets;

                _ = TryParseSubnets(subnets, out _lanSubnets, false);
                _ = TryParseSubnets(subnets, out _excludedSubnets, true);

                if (_lanSubnets.Count == 0)
                {
                    // If no LAN addresses are specified, all private subnets are deemed to be the LAN
                    _logger.LogDebug("Using LAN interface addresses as user provided no LAN details.");

                    if (IsIpv6Enabled)
                    {
                        _lanSubnets.Add(new IPNetwork(IPAddress.Parse("fc00::"), 7)); // ULA
                        _lanSubnets.Add(new IPNetwork(IPAddress.Parse("fe80::"), 10)); // Site local
                    }

                    if (IsIpv4Enabled)
                    {
                        _lanSubnets.Add(new IPNetwork(IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.0"), 8));
                        _lanSubnets.Add(new IPNetwork(IPAddress.Parse("172.16.0.0"), 12));
                        _lanSubnets.Add(new IPNetwork(IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.0"), 16));
                    }
                }

                _logger.LogInformation("Defined LAN addresses : {0}", _lanSubnets.Select(s => s.Prefix + "/" + s.PrefixLength));
                _logger.LogInformation("Defined LAN exclusions : {0}", _excludedSubnets.Select(s => s.Prefix + "/" + s.PrefixLength));
                _logger.LogInformation("Using LAN addresses: {0}", _lanSubnets.Where(s => !_excludedSubnets.Contains(s)).Select(s => s.Prefix + "/" + s.PrefixLength));
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initialises the network bind addresses.
        /// </summary>
        private void InitialiseBind(NetworkConfiguration config)
        {
            lock (_initLock)
            {
                // Use explicit bind addresses
                if (config.LocalNetworkAddresses.Length > 0)
                {
                    _bindAddresses = config.LocalNetworkAddresses.Select(p => IPAddress.TryParse(p, out var address)
                        ? address
                        : (_interfaces.Where(x => x.Name.Equals(p, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)).Select(x => x.Address).FirstOrDefault() ?? IPAddress.None)).ToList();
                    _bindAddresses.RemoveAll(x => x == IPAddress.None);
                }
                else
                {
                    // Use all addresses from all interfaces
                    _bindAddresses = _interfaces.Select(x => x.Address).ToList();
                }

                _bindExclusions = new List<IPAddress>();

                // Add all interfaces matching any virtual machine interface prefix to _bindExclusions
                if (config.IgnoreVirtualInterfaces)
                {
                    // Remove potentially exisiting * and split config string into prefixes
                    var virtualInterfacePrefixes = config.VirtualInterfaceNames.Replace("*", string.Empty, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase).ToLowerInvariant().Split(',');

                    // Check all interfaces for matches against the prefixes and add the interface IPs to _bindExclusions
                    if (_bindAddresses.Count > 0 && virtualInterfacePrefixes.Length > 0)
                    {
                        var localInterfaces = _interfaces.ToList();
                        foreach (var virtualInterfacePrefix in virtualInterfacePrefixes)
                        {
                            var excludedInterfaceIps = localInterfaces.Where(intf => intf.Name.StartsWith(virtualInterfacePrefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                                .Select(intf => intf.Address);
                            foreach (var interfaceIp in excludedInterfaceIps)
                            {
                                _bindExclusions.Add(interfaceIp);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Remove all excluded addresses from _bindAddresses
                _bindAddresses.RemoveAll(x => _bindExclusions.Contains(x));

                _logger.LogInformation("Using bind addresses: {0}", _bindAddresses);
                _logger.LogInformation("Using bind exclusions: {0}", _bindExclusions);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initialises the remote address values.
        /// </summary>
        private void InitialiseRemote(NetworkConfiguration config)
        {
            lock (_initLock)
            {
                // Parse config values into filter collection
                var remoteIPFilter = config.RemoteIPFilter;
                if (remoteIPFilter.Any() && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(remoteIPFilter.First()))
                {
                    // Parse all IPs with netmask to a subnet
                    _ = TryParseSubnets(remoteIPFilter.Where(x => x.Contains('/', StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)).ToArray(), out _remoteAddressFilter, false);

                    // Parse everything else as an IP and construct subnet with a single IP
                    var ips = remoteIPFilter.Where(x => !x.Contains('/', StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
                    foreach (var ip in ips)
                    {
                        if (IPAddress.TryParse(ip, out var ipp))
                        {
                            _remoteAddressFilter.Add(new IPNetwork(ipp, ipp.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetwork ? 32 : 128));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Parses the user defined overrides into the dictionary object.
        /// Overrides are the equivalent of localised publishedServerUrl, enabling
        /// different addresses to be advertised over different subnets.
        /// format is subnet=ipaddress|host|uri
        /// when subnet = 0.0.0.0, any external address matches.
        /// </summary>
        private void InitialiseOverrides(NetworkConfiguration config)
        {
            lock (_initLock)
            {
                _publishedServerUrls.Clear();
                string[] overrides = config.PublishedServerUriBySubnet;

                foreach (var entry in overrides)
                {
                    var parts = entry.Split('=');
                    if (parts.Length != 2)
                    {
                        _logger.LogError("Unable to parse bind override: {Entry}", entry);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        var replacement = parts[1].Trim();
                        var ipParts = parts[0].Split("/");
                        if (string.Equals(parts[0], "all", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                        {
                            _publishedServerUrls[new IPData(IPAddress.Broadcast, null)] = replacement;
                        }
                        else if (string.Equals(parts[0], "external", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                        {
                            _publishedServerUrls[new IPData(IPAddress.Any, new IPNetwork(IPAddress.Any, 0))] = replacement;
                            _publishedServerUrls[new IPData(IPAddress.IPv6Any, new IPNetwork(IPAddress.IPv6Any, 0))] = replacement;
                        }
                        else if (IPAddress.TryParse(ipParts[0], out IPAddress? result))
                        {
                            var data = new IPData(result, null);
                            if (ipParts.Length > 1 && int.TryParse(ipParts[1], out var netmask))
                            {
                                data.Subnet = new IPNetwork(result, netmask);
                            }

                            _publishedServerUrls[data] = replacement;
                        }
                        else if (TryParseInterface(parts[0], out var ifaces))
                        {
                            foreach (var iface in ifaces)
                            {
                                _publishedServerUrls[iface] = replacement;
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            _logger.LogError("Unable to parse bind ip address. {Parts}", parts[1]);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        private void ConfigurationUpdated(object? sender, ConfigurationUpdateEventArgs evt)
        {
            if (evt.Key.Equals("network", StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
                UpdateSettings((NetworkConfiguration)evt.NewConfiguration);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reloads all settings and re-initialises the instance.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="configuration">The <see cref="NetworkConfiguration"/> to use.</param>
        public void UpdateSettings(object configuration)
        {
            NetworkConfiguration config = (NetworkConfiguration)configuration ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(configuration));

            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(MockNetworkSettings))
            {
                InitialiseInterfaces();
            }
            else // Used in testing only.
            {
                // Format is <IPAddress>,<Index>,<Name>: <next interface>. Set index to -ve to simulate a gateway.
                var interfaceList = MockNetworkSettings.Split('|');
                foreach (var details in interfaceList)
                {
                    var parts = details.Split(',');
                    var split = parts[0].Split("/");
                    var address = IPAddress.Parse(split[0]);
                    var network = new IPNetwork(address, int.Parse(split[1], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
                    var index = int.Parse(parts[1], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
                    if (address.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
                    {
                        _interfaces.Add(new IPData(address, network, parts[2]));
                    }
                    else if (address.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6)
                    {
                        _interfaces.Add(new IPData(address, network, parts[2]));
                    }
                }
            }

            InitialiseLan(config);
            InitialiseBind(config);
            InitialiseRemote(config);
            InitialiseOverrides(config);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Protected implementation of Dispose pattern.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="disposing"><c>True</c> to dispose the managed state.</param>
        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if (!_disposed)
            {
                if (disposing)
                {
                    _configurationManager.NamedConfigurationUpdated -= ConfigurationUpdated;
                    NetworkChange.NetworkAddressChanged -= OnNetworkAddressChanged;
                    NetworkChange.NetworkAvailabilityChanged -= OnNetworkAvailabilityChanged;
                }

                _disposed = true;
            }
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public bool TryParseInterface(string intf, out Collection<IPData> result)
        {
            result = new Collection<IPData>();
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(intf))
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (_interfaces != null)
            {
                // Match all interfaces starting with names starting with token
                var matchedInterfaces = _interfaces.Where(s => s.Name.Equals(intf.ToLowerInvariant(), StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
                if (matchedInterfaces.Any())
                {
                    _logger.LogInformation("Interface {Token} used in settings. Using its interface addresses.", intf);

                    // Use interface IP instead of name
                    foreach (IPData iface in matchedInterfaces)
                    {
                        if ((IsIpv4Enabled && iface.Address.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
                            || (IsIpv6Enabled && iface.Address.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6))
                        {
                            result.Add(iface);
                        }
                    }

                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Try parsing an array of strings into subnets, respecting exclusions.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="values">Input string to be parsed.</param>
        /// <param name="result">Collection of <see cref="IPNetwork"/>.</param>
        /// <param name="negated">Boolean signaling if negated or not negated values should be parsed.</param>
        /// <returns><c>True</c> if parsing was successful.</returns>
        public bool TryParseSubnets(string[] values, out Collection<IPNetwork> result, bool negated = false)
        {
            result = new Collection<IPNetwork>();

            if (values == null || values.Length == 0)
            {
                return false;
            }

            for (int a = 0; a < values.Length; a++)
            {
                string[] v = values[a].Trim().Split("/");

                try
                {
                    var address = IPAddress.None;
                    if (negated && v[0].StartsWith('!'))
                    {
                        _ = IPAddress.TryParse(v[0][1..], out address);
                    }
                    else if (!negated)
                    {
                        _ = IPAddress.TryParse(v[0][0..], out address);
                    }

                    if (address != IPAddress.None && address != null)
                    {
                        if (int.TryParse(v[1], out var netmask))
                        {
                            result.Add(new IPNetwork(address, netmask));
                        }
                        else if (address.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
                        {
                            result.Add(new IPNetwork(address, 32));
                        }
                        else if (address.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6)
                        {
                            result.Add(new IPNetwork(address, 128));
                        }
                    }
                }
                catch (ArgumentException e)
                {
                    _logger.LogWarning(e, "Ignoring LAN value {Value}.", v);
                }
            }

            if (result.Count > 0)
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public bool HasRemoteAccess(IPAddress remoteIp)
        {
            var config = _configurationManager.GetNetworkConfiguration();
            if (config.EnableRemoteAccess)
            {
                // Comma separated list of IP addresses or IP/netmask entries for networks that will be allowed to connect remotely.
                // If left blank, all remote addresses will be allowed.
                if (_remoteAddressFilter.Any() && !_lanSubnets.Any(x => x.Contains(remoteIp)))
                {
                    // remoteAddressFilter is a whitelist or blacklist.
                    var matches = _remoteAddressFilter.Count(remoteNetwork => remoteNetwork.Contains(remoteIp));
                    if ((!config.IsRemoteIPFilterBlacklist && matches > 0)
                        || (config.IsRemoteIPFilterBlacklist && matches == 0))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }

                    return false;
                }
            }
            else if (!_lanSubnets.Where(x => x.Contains(remoteIp)).Any())
            {
                // Remote not enabled. So everyone should be LAN.
                return false;
            }

            return true;
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public IReadOnlyCollection<PhysicalAddress> GetMacAddresses()
        {
            // Populated in construction - so always has values.
            return _macAddresses;
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public List<IPData> GetLoopbacks()
        {
            var loopbackNetworks = new List<IPData>();
            if (IsIpv4Enabled)
            {
                loopbackNetworks.Add(new IPData(IPAddress.Loopback, new IPNetwork(IPAddress.Loopback, 8), "lo"));
            }

            if (IsIpv6Enabled)
            {
                loopbackNetworks.Add(new IPData(IPAddress.IPv6Loopback, new IPNetwork(IPAddress.IPv6Loopback, 128), "lo"));
            }

            return loopbackNetworks;
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public List<IPData> GetAllBindInterfaces(bool individualInterfaces = false)
        {
            if (_bindAddresses.Count == 0)
            {
                if (_bindExclusions.Count > 0)
                {
                    foreach (var exclusion in _bindExclusions)
                    {
                        // Return all the interfaces except the ones specifically excluded.
                        _interfaces.RemoveAll(intf => intf.Address == exclusion);
                    }

                    return _interfaces;
                }

                // No bind address and no exclusions, so listen on all interfaces.
                var result = new List<IPData>();

                if (individualInterfaces)
                {
                    foreach (var iface in _interfaces)
                    {
                        result.Add(iface);
                    }

                    return result;
                }

                if (IsIpv4Enabled && IsIpv6Enabled)
                {
                    // Kestrel source code shows it uses Sockets.DualMode - so this also covers IPAddress.Any by default
                    result.Add(new IPData(IPAddress.IPv6Any, new IPNetwork(IPAddress.IPv6Any, 0)));
                }
                else if (IsIpv4Enabled)
                {
                    result.Add(new IPData(IPAddress.Any, new IPNetwork(IPAddress.Any, 0)));
                }
                else if (IsIpv6Enabled)
                {
                    // Cannot use IPv6Any as Kestrel will bind to IPv4 addresses too.
                    foreach (var iface in _interfaces)
                    {
                        if (iface.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6)
                        {
                            result.Add(iface);
                        }
                    }
                }

                return result;
            }

            // Remove any excluded bind interfaces.
            foreach (var exclusion in _bindExclusions)
            {
                // Return all the interfaces except the ones specifically excluded.
                _bindAddresses.Remove(exclusion);
            }

            return _bindAddresses.Select(s => new IPData(s, null)).ToList();
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public string GetBindInterface(string source, out int? port)
        {
            _ = NetworkExtensions.TryParseHost(source, out var address, IsIpv4Enabled, IsIpv6Enabled);
            var result = GetBindInterface(address.FirstOrDefault(), out port);
            return result;
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public string GetBindInterface(HttpRequest source, out int? port)
        {
            string result;
            _ = NetworkExtensions.TryParseHost(source.Host.Host, out var addresses, IsIpv4Enabled, IsIpv6Enabled);
            result = GetBindInterface(addresses.FirstOrDefault(), out port);
            port ??= source.Host.Port;

            return result;
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public string GetBindInterface(IPAddress? source, out int? port)
        {
            port = null;

            string result;

            if (source != null)
            {
                if (IsIpv4Enabled && source.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6)
                {
                    _logger.LogWarning("IPv6 is disabled in Jellyfin, but enabled in the OS. This may affect how the interface is selected.");
                }

                if (IsIpv6Enabled && source.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
                {
                    _logger.LogWarning("IPv4 is disabled in Jellyfin, but enabled in the OS. This may affect how the interface is selected.");
                }

                bool isExternal = !_lanSubnets.Any(network => network.Contains(source));
                _logger.LogDebug("GetBindInterface with source. External: {IsExternal}:", isExternal);

                if (MatchesPublishedServerUrl(source, isExternal, out string res, out port))
                {
                    _logger.LogInformation("{Source}: Using BindAddress {Address}:{Port}", source, res, port);
                    return res;
                }

                // No preference given, so move on to bind addresses.
                if (MatchesBindInterface(source, isExternal, out result))
                {
                    return result;
                }

                if (isExternal && MatchesExternalInterface(source, out result))
                {
                    return result;
                }
            }

            // Get the first LAN interface address that's not excluded and not a loopback address.
            var availableInterfaces = _interfaces.Where(x => !IPAddress.IsLoopback(x.Address))
                .OrderByDescending(x => _bindAddresses.Contains(x.Address))
                .ThenByDescending(x => IsInLocalNetwork(x.Address))
                .ThenBy(x => x.Index);

            if (availableInterfaces.Any())
            {
                if (source != null)
                {
                    foreach (var intf in availableInterfaces)
                    {
                        if (intf.Address.Equals(source))
                        {
                            result = NetworkExtensions.FormatIpString(intf.Address);
                            _logger.LogDebug("{Source}: GetBindInterface: Has found matching interface. {Result}", source, result);
                            return result;
                        }
                    }

                    // Does the request originate in one of the interface subnets?
                    // (For systems with multiple internal network cards, and multiple subnets)
                    foreach (var intf in availableInterfaces)
                    {
                        if (intf.Subnet.Contains(source))
                        {
                            result = NetworkExtensions.FormatIpString(intf.Address);
                            _logger.LogDebug("{Source}: GetBindInterface: Has source, matched best internal interface on range. {Result}", source, result);
                            return result;
                        }
                    }
                }

                result = NetworkExtensions.FormatIpString(availableInterfaces.First().Address);
                _logger.LogDebug("{Source}: GetBindInterface: Matched first internal interface. {Result}", source, result);
                return result;
            }

            // There isn't any others, so we'll use the loopback.
            result = IsIpv4Enabled && !IsIpv6Enabled ? "127.0.0.1" : "::1";
            _logger.LogWarning("{Source}: GetBindInterface: Loopback {Result} returned.", source, result);
            return result;
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public List<IPData> GetInternalBindAddresses()
        {
            if (_bindAddresses.Count == 0)
            {
                if (_bindExclusions.Count > 0)
                {
                    // Return all the internal interfaces except the ones excluded.
                    return _interfaces.Where(p => !_bindExclusions.Contains(p.Address)).ToList();
                }

                // No bind address, so return all internal interfaces.
                return _interfaces;
            }

            // Select all local bind addresses
            return _interfaces.Where(x => _bindAddresses.Contains(x.Address))
                .Where(x => IsInLocalNetwork(x.Address))
                .OrderBy(x => x.Index).ToList();
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public bool IsInLocalNetwork(string address)
        {
            if (IPAddress.TryParse(address, out var ep))
            {
                return IPAddress.IsLoopback(ep) || (_lanSubnets.Any(x => x.Contains(ep)) && !_excludedSubnets.Any(x => x.Contains(ep)));
            }

            if (NetworkExtensions.TryParseHost(address, out var addresses, IsIpv4Enabled, IsIpv6Enabled))
            {
                bool match = false;
                foreach (var ept in addresses)
                {
                    match |= IPAddress.IsLoopback(ept) || (_lanSubnets.Any(x => x.Contains(ept)) && !_excludedSubnets.Any(x => x.Contains(ept)));
                }

                return match;
            }

            return false;
        }

        /// <inheritdoc/>
        public bool IsInLocalNetwork(IPAddress address)
        {
            if (address == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(address));
            }

            // See conversation at https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/pull/3515.
            if (TrustAllIpv6Interfaces && address.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6)
            {
                return true;
            }

            // As private addresses can be redefined by Configuration.LocalNetworkAddresses
            var match = CheckIfLanAndNotExcluded(address);

            return address.Equals(IPAddress.Loopback) || address.Equals(IPAddress.IPv6Loopback) || match;
        }

        private IPData? FindInterfaceForIp(IPAddress address, bool localNetwork = false)
        {
            if (address == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(address));
            }

            var interfaces = _interfaces;

            if (localNetwork)
            {
                interfaces = interfaces.Where(x => IsInLocalNetwork(x.Address)).ToList();
            }

            foreach (var intf in _interfaces)
            {
                if (intf.Subnet.Contains(address))
                {
                    return intf;
                }
            }

            return null;
        }

        private bool CheckIfLanAndNotExcluded(IPAddress address)
        {
            bool match = false;
            foreach (var lanSubnet in _lanSubnets)
            {
                match |= lanSubnet.Contains(address);
            }

            foreach (var excludedSubnet in _excludedSubnets)
            {
                match &= !excludedSubnet.Contains(address);
            }

            NetworkExtensions.IsIPv6LinkLocal(address);
            return match;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Attempts to match the source against the published server URL overrides.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="source">IP source address to use.</param>
        /// <param name="isInExternalSubnet">True if the source is in an external subnet.</param>
        /// <param name="bindPreference">The published server URL that matches the source address.</param>
        /// <param name="port">The resultant port, if one exists.</param>
        /// <returns><c>true</c> if a match is found, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns>
        private bool MatchesPublishedServerUrl(IPAddress source, bool isInExternalSubnet, out string bindPreference, out int? port)
        {
            bindPreference = string.Empty;
            port = null;

            var validPublishedServerUrls = _publishedServerUrls.Where(x => x.Key.Address.Equals(IPAddress.Any)).ToList();
            validPublishedServerUrls.AddRange(_publishedServerUrls.Where(x => x.Key.Address.Equals(IPAddress.IPv6Any)));
            validPublishedServerUrls.AddRange(_publishedServerUrls.Where(x => x.Key.Subnet.Contains(source)));
            validPublishedServerUrls = validPublishedServerUrls.GroupBy(x => x.Key).Select(y => y.First()).ToList();

            // Check for user override.
            foreach (var data in validPublishedServerUrls)
            {
                // Get address interface
                var intf = _interfaces.FirstOrDefault(s => s.Subnet.Contains(data.Key.Address));

                // Remaining. Match anything.
                if (data.Key.Address.Equals(IPAddress.Broadcast))
                {
                    bindPreference = data.Value;
                    break;
                }
                else if ((data.Key.Address.Equals(IPAddress.Any) || data.Key.Address.Equals(IPAddress.IPv6Any)) && isInExternalSubnet)
                {
                    // External.
                    bindPreference = data.Value;
                    break;
                }
                else if (intf?.Address != null)
                {
                    // Match ip address.
                    bindPreference = data.Value;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(bindPreference))
            {
                return false;
            }

            // Has it got a port defined?
            var parts = bindPreference.Split(':');
            if (parts.Length > 1)
            {
                if (int.TryParse(parts[1], out int p))
                {
                    bindPreference = parts[0];
                    port = p;
                }
            }

            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Attempts to match the source against a user defined bind interface.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="source">IP source address to use.</param>
        /// <param name="isInExternalSubnet">True if the source is in the external subnet.</param>
        /// <param name="result">The result, if a match is found.</param>
        /// <returns><c>true</c> if a match is found, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns>
        private bool MatchesBindInterface(IPAddress source, bool isInExternalSubnet, out string result)
        {
            result = string.Empty;

            int count = _bindAddresses.Count;
            if (count == 1 && (_bindAddresses[0].Equals(IPAddress.Any) || _bindAddresses[0].Equals(IPAddress.IPv6Any)))
            {
                // Ignore IPAny addresses.
                count = 0;
            }

            if (count != 0)
            {
                // Check to see if any of the bind interfaces are in the same subnet as the source.
                IPAddress? defaultGateway = null;
                IPAddress? bindAddress = null;

                if (isInExternalSubnet)
                {
                    // Find all external bind addresses. Store the default gateway, but check to see if there is a better match first.
                    foreach (var addr in _bindAddresses)
                    {
                        if (defaultGateway == null && !IsInLocalNetwork(addr))
                        {
                            defaultGateway = addr;
                        }

                        var intf = _interfaces.Where(x => x.Subnet.Contains(addr)).FirstOrDefault();

                        if (bindAddress == null && intf != null && intf.Subnet.Contains(source))
                        {
                            bindAddress = intf.Address;
                        }

                        if (defaultGateway != null && bindAddress != null)
                        {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // Look for the best internal address.
                    foreach (var bA in _bindAddresses.Where(x => IsInLocalNetwork(x)))
                    {
                        var intf = FindInterfaceForIp(source, true);
                        if (intf != null)
                        {
                            bindAddress = intf.Address;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (bindAddress != null)
                {
                    result = NetworkExtensions.FormatIpString(bindAddress);
                    _logger.LogDebug("{Source}: GetBindInterface: Has source, found a matching bind interface subnet. {Result}", source, result);
                    return true;
                }

                if (isInExternalSubnet && defaultGateway != null)
                {
                    result = NetworkExtensions.FormatIpString(defaultGateway);
                    _logger.LogDebug("{Source}: GetBindInterface: Using first user defined external interface. {Result}", source, result);
                    return true;
                }

                result = NetworkExtensions.FormatIpString(_bindAddresses[0]);
                _logger.LogDebug("{Source}: GetBindInterface: Selected first user defined interface. {Result}", source, result);

                if (isInExternalSubnet)
                {
                    _logger.LogWarning("{Source}: External request received, only an internal interface bind found.", source);
                }

                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Attempts to match the source against an external interface.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="source">IP source address to use.</param>
        /// <param name="result">The result, if a match is found.</param>
        /// <returns><c>true</c> if a match is found, <c>false</c> otherwise.</returns>
        private bool MatchesExternalInterface(IPAddress source, out string result)
        {
            result = string.Empty;
            // Get the first WAN interface address that isn't a loopback.
            var extResult = _interfaces.Where(p => !IsInLocalNetwork(p.Address));

            IPAddress? hasResult = null;
            // Does the request originate in one of the interface subnets?
            // (For systems with multiple internal network cards, and multiple subnets)
            foreach (var intf in extResult)
            {
                hasResult ??= intf.Address;
                if (!IsInLocalNetwork(intf.Address) && intf.Subnet.Contains(source))
                {
                    result = NetworkExtensions.FormatIpString(intf.Address);
                    _logger.LogDebug("{Source}: GetBindInterface: Selected best external on interface on range. {Result}", source, result);
                    return true;
                }
            }

            if (hasResult != null)
            {
                result = NetworkExtensions.FormatIpString(hasResult);
                _logger.LogDebug("{Source}: GetBindInterface: Selected first external interface. {Result}", source, result);
                return true;
            }

            _logger.LogDebug("{Source}: External request received, but no WAN interface found. Need to route through internal network.", source);
            return false;
        }
    }
}